There are two types of credit checks or inquiries, a hard credit check and a soft credit check. Depending on who wants to check your credit and why they want to check your credit will determine whether it is a hard or soft inquiry.
What Is A Hard Credit Check?
A hard credit check is done to evaluate the risk of lending or providing a service to someone. For example, when you apply for a loan, the lender can ask to perform a hard credit check when evaluating your application. The lender will typically choose one credit bureau to pull your credit report from and will use it to assess your risk.
Do note, that a lender or any third-party looking to perform a hard credit check on your credit history must get your consent to legally do so. Also, keep in mind that not all lenders check credit when assessing a credit application.
Can A Hard Credit Check Hurt Your Credit Scores?
A hard inquiry is recorded on your credit reports, which may cause a small decrease in your credit scores. Every hard inquiry performed remains on your file for an average of two to three years (but can stay up to 6 years with TransUnion) and is visible to anyone who views your credit reports during that time.
Ideally, you want to refrain from applying for too many credit products, especially during a short time frame. The presence of multiple hard credit checks on your report may indicate an inability to service debt and signals to lenders that extending credit to you is risky.
Shopping Around For Loan Offers
What about the scenario where you’re shopping for a home and are visiting multiple lenders to find the right mortgage, which inevitably results in numerous hard credit checks? Credit bureaus allow consumers some leeway by granting them a window of opportunity where multiple hard credit checks are counted as a single inquiry. The time frame depends on credit bureaus’ scoring model but usually ranges between 14 – 45 days. However, be aware that this exception doesn’t extend to credit cards – each hard credit check performed on a credit card application counts as one check, no matter how many you apply for.
Can You Reduce The Effect Of A Hard Credit Check On Credit Scores?
You can minimize the adverse effects of a hard credit check by:
- Only Apply For Credit You Need – Avoid applying for too many credit products, especially within a short time frame. It’s recommended that you only apply for credit when you need it.
- Research Before Applying – Avoid too many hard inquiries by applying with lenders whose minimum requirements you meet. That way, you won’t have to apply with as many lenders. You can also get a loan quote to help you compare offers without having to undergo a credit inquiry.
- Act Fast During The Grace Period – If you’re applying for a mortgage or car loan, multiple inquiries are usually counted as one if you apply within a certain time frame. Be sure to do your loan comparison shopping over that time frame.
- Check Your Credit Report – Sometimes your credit report may have some inaccuracies which can affect your credit scores. Be sure to check your credit report for errors and fraud, including unknown hard inquiries.
- Use Your Credit Responsibly – You can offset the effects of your hard inquiry by simply maintaining a clean credit report by paying off debt quickly, making regular payments, and keeping your credit utilization ratio low.
What Is A Soft Credit Check?
A soft credit check provides less information than a hard credit check. It’s typically performed by a lender to prequalify you for a credit product, but it doesn’t function as an actual assessment that determines whether you’ll be approved for it.
Soft credit checks are also done by employers and landlords as part of a background check and insurance companies to create an insurance-based credit score, which is utilized to set your premiums. Furthermore, checking your own credit results in a soft inquiry and will not affect your credit scores.
Can A Soft Credit Check Hurt Your Credit Scores?
A soft credit check can only be viewed by you and the person who did the check, and they do not affect your credit scores.
Do Lenders and Other Third-Parties Require Your Permission To Conduct A Soft Inquiry?
Unlike a hard inquiry, soft credit checks can be legally performed without your permission.
What Type of Information Shows Up For a Soft Credit Check vs a Hard Credit Check?
A soft credit check provides a basic overview of your credit report and lists your loans, lines of credit, payment history, and collections accounts. A hard credit check includes a more comprehensive report, enabling lenders to conduct a more detailed examination.
Who Performs Hard vs Soft Credit Checks?
Whether the inquiry was a hard or soft one depends on whether you gave the entity performing the inquiry permission. Some of the most common entities that can perform hard and soft credit checks include lenders, landlords, insurance providers, utility providers, debt collection agencies, employers, and the government.
Common Types Of Hard Credit Checks
Hard credit checks usually occur when you apply for a
- Car loan
- Credit card
- Mortgage
- Personal loan
- Apartment
Common Types Of Soft Credit Checks
Soft credit checks usually occur when
- You check your credit
- You get “prequalified” for a credit card or other credit products
- You apply for a job and your employer checks your credit
- Your insurance provider checks your credit to determine your premium.
Hard vs. Soft Credit Check FAQs
If I pull my credit, is it considered a hard or soft credit check?
What happens if I apply for the same loan with multiple lenders?
How long does a hard credit check stay on my credit report?
Can a lender do a credit check without my permission?
Bottom Line
The key difference between a soft credit check and a hard credit check is that the latter can affect your credit scores. In general, a few hard inquiries on your credit report are negligible but accumulating too many over a short period can negatively affect it. Credit scores are a critical number that is regularly scrutinized by lenders, so ensure you only seek credit when you really need it and always work to manage your debt responsibly.
Glossary
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Business Credit Report | A detailed report that is meant to provide potential lenders with information to allow them to determine the business’ creditworthiness before extending credit. There is much more information in a business credit report when compared to an individual’s credit report. Business credit reports are generated and regulated by the credit bureau. Related |
| Business Credit Score | A number that represents a business’ creditworthiness based on information within the credit report. The credit bureau calculates and regulates business credit scores. Related |
| Consumer Reporting Act | A governing body that oversees credit reporting agencies to ensure that personal information is collected, maintained and reported in a responsible fashion. The Consumer Reporting Act also ensures that individuals have the right to know what information is being reported in relation to them and who the information is being reported to. If any of the reported information is incorrect, you have the right to have it corrected under this act. Related |
| Credit | The extension of money, goods or services with trust that the individual will repay the owed amount in the future. In today’s world, trust of repayment is determined through an assessment of creditworthiness using a credit application. Related |
| Credit Application | A formal application, required by the majority of lending institutions, that gathers information from the applicant for the assessment of creditworthiness. The form will request information such as personal identification, income and expenses, residency, existing debt, and employment. Related |
| Credit Bureau | A governing body that collects credit information about individuals and sells it to other entities that are in the business of extending credit for a fee. Credit bureaus are also referred to as consumer reporting agencies and credit reporting agencies. In Canada, there are two credit bureaus, TransUnion and Equifax. Related |
| Credit Card | A financial product that allows cardholders to purchase goods and services using credit. The amount spent in a particular period becomes due at a specific date. If the amount is not paid on that date, interest will come into effect. Credit cards are a physical, plastic card. Related |
| Credit Limit | When a creditor extends credit to a consumer it comes with a credit limit, this is the maximum amount the consumer can borrow. Related |
| Credit Rating | Credit bureaus collect information about your personal finances and rate you to give potential lenders an easy way to assess your creditworthiness at first glance. There is a rating system in place for consistency and to protect from bias. Credit ratings are different from credit scores but are often used interchangeably. Your credit score actually determines what credit rating you’re given. As an example, if you have a credit score of 850, you’d be given a credit rating of “excellent”. Related |
| Credit Repair | The act of improving your credit score by removing inaccurate information from your credit report and working on healthy, responsible financial habits. Related |
| Credit Report | A credit report contains information regarding your credit history and includes things such as your credit score, payment history, financial debts, record of debt payment, and any black marks on your credit. Credit reports can be obtained from credit bureaus, such as Equifax and TransUnion. Related |
| Credit Score | A three-digit number that is calculated by credit bureaus using a mathematical rating system and information from your credit report. A credit score falls anywhere between 300 and 900, with 900 being the absolute best. Lenders might have minimum credit score requirements for extending credit which is why it’s important to maintain a healthy credit score. Related |
| Credit Union/Caisses Populaires | A type of bank that is owned by its members and operates for the benefit of their members. Credit unions are subject to provincial regulation and tend to be small in size and community-oriented. Because of these features, credit unions tend to be a superior way of investing, banking and lending. Credit unions are referred to as Caisses Populaires in Quebec. Related |
| Creditworthiness | By assessing the historical information associated with a consumers’ finances, creditworthiness is the amount of trust a lender places on a borrower in relation to the repayment of extended credit. Creditworthiness is assessed using a combination of credit report, credit score, credit rating and application information. Related |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| FICO Score | A credit score created by the Fair Isaac Corporation. FICO scores are used by lenders to determine a borrower’s creditworthiness before extending credit. Scores range between 300 to 900. Related |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Inquiry | Whenever an entity, including yourself, requests a copy of your credit report, an inquiry is recorded. A hard inquiry is a request from a lender or any other individual that is assessing your creditworthiness. A soft inquiry is a request by you to view your own credit report. A large number of hard inquiries can indicate financial struggles to a potential lender. Related |
| Introductory Rate | A special promotional interest rate offered by credit card issuers for a specific period of time, such as a few months to a year. The goal with these rates is to attract new customers. Related |
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Revolving Credit | A type of credit agreement that allows customers to borrow against a pre-approved credit line when making purchases. A credit card is the most popular form of revolving credit. The borrower is responsible for paying the borrowed amount plus interest each payment period. Revolving credit is also referred to as open-ended credit or charge account. Related |
